Abstract:Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetics causes microvascular damage through four mechanisms of biochemical changes, including activated protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, activated hexosamine pathway, increased polyol pathway, and increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), all of which will increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels
Genetic evidence underscores the pathway's importance: humans with loss-of-function MC4R mutations develop severe early-onset obesity (prevalence approximately 2.5% of morbidly obese populations), hyperphagia, and insulin resistance
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Adjust for exercise and environment to prevent dehydration side effects