We additionally adjusted for diabetes (self-reported, coded dichotomously), other cardiovascular disease (any cardiovascular condition excluding diabetes and high blood pressure, coded dichotomously), alcohol consumption (four categories: never drank, ex-drinker, drinks within guidelines, drinks beyond guidelines), and physical activity (four categories based on the Chief Medical Officer recommendations: meets recommendations, some activity, low activity, very low activity)
Emphysema Emphysema is a lung disease that makes it hard to breathe
Giovino GA, Shelton DM, Schooley MW
Since the first Surgeon Generals report on Smoking and Health in 1964, which warned Americans about the risks associated with smoking, significant progress has been made to reduce smoking rates among Americans