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Peptide structure and stability What peptides are: Chains of amino acids Held together by peptide bonds Specific 3D structure required for function Fragile molecules compared to small molecule drugs Why peptides are unstable: Peptide bonds susceptible to hydrolysis (water breaks bonds) Oxidation damages certain amino acids Temperature accelerates degradation Light exposure causes photo-degradation pH changes denature structure Bacterial contamination introduces enzymes that break peptides Degradation mechanisms: Temperature's exponential effect: Every 10C temperature increase roughly doubles degradation rate Room temperature (25C): Rapid degradation (days) Refrigerated (2-8C): Slow degradation (weeks-months) Frozen (-20C): Very slow degradation (years) Ultra-frozen (-80C): Minimal degradation (5+ years) Learn peptide fundamentals at SeekPeptides - explore what are peptides , how peptides work , and getting started with peptides

IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 9(7):8088 Albrahim T, Robert A (2020) Renal protective effects of grape seed extract treatment against Eltroxin-induced hyperthyroidism, kidney damage, and oxidative stress in male mice

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For long-term storage, keep the vial lyophilized and freeze at 80 C (112 F) until use