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Nicotine can also promote endothelial dysfunction, inhibit cellular apoptosis and enhance angiogenesis, thereby raising concerns about its possible role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and even cancer development.92,93 Interestingly, in another experiment, rats exposed to electronic cigarette refill liquid had better metabolic profiles, with decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein:high-density lipoprotein ratio