Extraarticular symptoms of severe active RA generally occur in the cardiovascular, respiratory, blood, and urinary system and may cause other comorbidities [2]
Various enzyme systems such as cytochrome P450, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, xanthine oxidase (XO), uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), heme oxygenase (HO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), lipoxygenase (LOX), cyclooxygenase (COX) and NADPH oxidases (NOX) generate ROS especially in a pathological state [51]
All references are limited exclusively to controlled laboratory research environments
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