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For this review, we searched literature databases using the following terms: fermented foods/gut microbiota, infant microbiome/fermented foods, fermented foods/maternal outcomes, pregnancy complications/fermented foods, infant brain/fermented food, fermented foods/immune functions in humans, mice, porcine, and primate in different combinations, focusing on studies published from the year 2000 until December 2024
Inject into fatty tissue using a fine-gauge insulin needle
The other is an indirect interaction through the release of metabolites, including SCFAs, which can influence physiological responses through different signaling pathways (58)