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Diagnosis of IC/PBS involves ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and overactive bladder (MacDiarmid and Sand, 2007)

Increasing extracellular glutamate levels limits the uptake of cystine, gradually inducing ferroptosis

Frendo et al., 2001)

2007: A small, multicenter clinical study among 56 people with neuropathy associated with antiretroviral drug therapy showed that receiving 500 mg of acetyl-L-carnitine twice daily intramuscularly for two weeks, followed by 1,000 mg twice daily orally for 6 weeks, reduced pain by 0.89 points (on a 010 scale) compared to placebo