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doi: 10.1038/nm1124 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 117
Clinical indications of vaping-related disorder include: Respiratory, gastrointestinal, and constitutional symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever Vital signs and oxygen saturation via pulse-oximetry The CDC has created a guideline for evaluating patients, entitled Dont Forget to Ask, which instructs providers to ask patients with any of these indications about their e-cigarette or vaping product use
The central elements reflect loss of control over use, behavioral changes, and continued use despite negative consequences
The migration of its sibling classifications International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) (refer to Section 7.2 below) to a singular ontological infrastructure has enabled the full integration of terminology and classification in a common platform (World Health Organization 2022a, Sec
