Furthermore, evidence has suggested that functional stem cell-loaded and exosome-loaded hydrogels significantly promote wound healing through MAPK, Wnt, HIF-1, IGF1R/AKT/mTOR, and TGF signaling pathways in oral and skin wounds (Prime et al., 2004
Smad3 protein binding to enhancer I meditates TGF--induced transcriptional regulation of the Foxp3 gene [60]
For example, research on skeletal muscle satellite cells demonstrated that He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) upregulates the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and downregulates the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, thereby stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing cytochrome c release, and ultimately inhibiting caspase-3 activation ( 3 Concept and practice for intra-articular PBMT of KOA 3.1 Fundamental solutions for intra-articular energy delivery In recent years, the modification of acupuncture needles into multifunctional, intelligent drug and energy delivery vehicles has emerged as a rapidly developing research direction in KOA treatment
R., Yokote, K., Tanaka, T., & Prives, C
