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Ethics declarations Ethics approval This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki

Additionally, for vegetarian individuals, it is important to obtain it from dietary sources, such as dairy products, avocados, and peanuts, or through supplementation to ensure adequate intake

doi: 10.1038/s41388-022-02312-y 85 WeiYJianwenHQichaoDWentingLLeiJQianZet al

By End-User Channel, Retail and E-Commerce Holds the Highest Market Share Retail and e-commerce channels lead with 48% share in 2025, driven by strong digital penetration, influencer-led awareness, subscription programs, and easy access to antioxidant and performance-nutrition products