ROS active many signaling kinases (e.g., mitogen activated protein kinases), transcription factors (e.g., nuclear factor kB [NF-kB] and nuclear factor of activated T-cells [NFAT]), molecules that participate in calcium mobilization (e.g., ryanodine receptors [RyR2], SERCA 2A, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II [CaMKII]), antioxidant proteins and others molecules involved in cardiac hypertrophy [151,152]
Free copper without the peptide ligand behaves differently and has a more pro-oxidant profile in tissue
Several preclinical studies have shown that Quer in the myocardium can enhance the GSH antioxidant system by regulating multiple upstream molecular targets, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-), phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine kinase (AKT), and Nrf2 [120, 123, 124]
Cells 10: 129, 2021